Visual disability is total absence of vision or presence of partial vision . A partially disabled person may not be able to parceve any light with both eyes open.

Those who have light perception but cannot correctly count fingers of a hand (wit or without use of spectacle) from a distance of 3 meters in broad daylight with both eyes open are also visually disabled.

• Loss of peripheral vision while retaining most of the central vision (Glaucoma) it is considred to be third largest cause of blindness worldwide after cataract and trachoma and is responsible for an estimated 5.2 milion cases. Estimates prepared by WHO put the total number of suspect cases of glaucoma at around 105 milion. More than 80% of the blind and suspect cases live in in the developing world.
  
  
• Diminished acuity caused by density or opacity of lens. There is an overallhaziness particularly in glaring light conditions (Cataract). Cataract Accounts for approximately 16 milion cases of blindness worldwide. In most coutries of Africa and Asia , it accounts for approximately half of all blindness. A cataract results from a change of transparency of the normal crystalline lens in the eye. When the lens becomes opaque, it impedes the light from entering the eye. This condintion causes gradual loss of vision and blindness.
  
  
• A hole or tear in the retina ( black of the eye) that allows fluid to the retina from its normal position (retinal detachment)
  
  
• A from of tunnel vision . generally only a small area of central vision remains (Retinitis Pigmentosa)
  
  
• A breckdown of a central part of the retina that results in the area of decreased central vision called a blind spot or scotoma. Peripheral vision remains unaffected (Macular Degeneration)
  
  
• Distorted image or clouded image as a result of which detail is not discernible.
  
  
• Ulcers over cornea.

• Rub eyes - the child rubs his eyes excessively during close visual work
  
  
• Shuts or covers eyes - te child keeps his eyes or one eye closed,
  tilts his head or thrusts hi head forward
  
  
• Unusual facial expressions- the child demonstrates an unusual amount of squiting, blinking , frowning or facial distortion
  
  
• Eye discomfort - the child complains of blurring , itching or scratchiness of the eye as well as blurred or double vision.
  
  
• Red eyelids or crusts on lids and has frequent or persistent styes or swollen lids .
  
  
• The child has watering eyes or discharge from eyes.
  
  
• The child has crossed eyes or eyes that do not appear to be straight
  
  
• The child’s pupil are of uneven size and his eye moves excessively
  
  
• The child favours one eye more than the other when looking at an object
  
  
• 0-3 months
  Infant dose not follow any object or light that is moved front of him and doesn’t move his eyes even when you take away bright coloured object He dose not reach for things held in front of him, unless the things make a sound or touch him He dose not play with hands.
  
  
• 3-6 months
  The infant dose not reach for toy in the visual fields. He dose not keep eye contact with mother when being fed or cuddled. The baby dose not visually inspect the object in hand.
  
  
• 6-9 months
  The child dose not crawl or sit and unable to pick up small object. He dose not discrimonate visually between similar object or people.
  
  
• 9-12 months
  Child shuts or covers one eye while focusing and holds playthings very close to his eyes. The child bumps into large object while crawling and dose not look or attempt to catch bright colored toys lying within a short distance. He dose not imitate simple motor play such as waving hands etc.
  
  
• 1-2 years
  Child’s walking is delayed and is not interested in playing bumps into large object.
  
  
• 2-5 years
  The child demonstrates clumsiness and trouble walking in a new environment.
  The child cannot see distant things clearly and is not interested in books or games that inolve catching,throweing, bouncing or tagging. Also the child places his head close to the task he is doing.
  
  
• School going children
  Teachers may find that the child is looking somewhere alse when information is written on the blackboard and constantly requests someone to repeat what is going on Child uses unusual or fisted pencil grasp, frequently breaking the pencil and has a spidery, excessively sloppy or very hard to read handwriting. The child holds his head in an awkward position, or having to hold material very close to one’s eyes, in oder to see. The child has a tendency to skip words and re-reads. He has a poor eye-hand co-ordination and unusual awkwardness including difficulty with stairs, throwing and catching ball, buttoning and unbuttoning and tying.

• Every person irrespective of age can donate eyes after death. If a person wears Spects, or is a patient of MOTIABIND or has undergone any successful eye operation. Even then/she can donate eyes.
  
  
• Eyes must be donated within six hours of death. Therefore information should be given to the nearest eye bank immediately after death.
  
  
• This is the duty of eye bank people to send the eye surgeon at the concerned place for taking out eyes. No fee shall charged from the family of eye donor.
  
  
• It takes only 10-15 minutes in bringing out eyes and no stops appear on the face
  
  
• With eye donation vision can be restored to two blind persons. Cornea can be transplned to one blind person.
  
  
• Eyes after death can be donated even when to eye. Donation pledge to made. There is provision in low that inspite of the fact that the deceased has has not made any pledge during his/her life time relatives have the right to donate the eyes of deceased.

Vitamins A, B and C is very essential for the good care of the eyes. Carrot, celery, parsley, spinach etc contain a large amount of vitamin A. 8 to 10 hours of sleep is a must for bright eyes.

For Eye Care

• Splash the eyes with cold water. Apply cotton wool pads, soaked in warm milk, witch hazel, weak tea solution or rose water on the eyes. Press gently and leave for 10 to 15 minutes.

Do not Work in Dim Light

• Do not read continuously in buses and trains.
  
  
• Do not stare too tong at anything without blinking the eyes. Blinking provides lubrications and relief from light.
  
  
• Do not rub the eyes too hard.
  
  
• To give momentary relief to the eyes, close the eyes with the palms so that no light can enter. Now open the eyes in the palm cup and stare into this darkness for a minute.

Exercises for Eyes

• Lift the eyes to the ceiling and then to the floor. Repeat it for 10 times. Rest the eyes either by blinking rapidly or covering them with palms.
  
  
• Look straight ahead at eye level, then slowly to left side at eye level and then to right side at eye level. Repeat it for 3 or 4 times.
  
  
• Make a circle, first clockwise and then anti-clockwise, with the eyes. Repeat for 5 times.